Loading
Loading
Research Index
LIVEEvery peptide we carry β FDA & WADA status, dose ranges, evidence tier, and full research overview. For educational and research use only.
88
peptides indexed
77
fully documented
14
strong evidence
Category
Evidence tier
Showing 88 of 88 peptides
Recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH, somatropin) is a 191-amino acid protein used extensively in preclinical and laboratory research settings to study the growth hormone-IGF-1 axis, anabolic processes, metabolic regulation, and body composition biology. Preclinical research has characterised its receptor binding properties, tissue-specific effects, and role in regulating protein synthesis, lipolysis, and carbohydrate metabolism across diverse animal model systems.
Read research overview β
Liraglutide is an FDA-approved long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist marketed as Victoza (type 2 diabetes, 2010) and Saxenda (obesity, 2014). It uses fatty-acid modification enabling albumin binding to achieve an approximately 13-hour half-life, requiring once-daily subcutaneous injection. As the first GLP-1 agonist approved for obesity, it established the class's clinical validation before being largely succeeded by weekly formulations.
Read research overview β
Tesamorelin is a synthetic peptide analog modeled after growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) and has been widely examined in preclinical research for its role in regulating growth hormone dynamics and associated metabolic processes. Structurally, it consists of a stabilized chain of amino acids designed to mimic endogenous signaling while improving resistance to enzymatic degradation in experimental environments. Unlike naturally occurring peptides, Tesamorelin is fully synthetic, allowing for more consistent investigation under controlled laboratory conditions.
Read research overview β
Octreotide is an FDA-approved synthetic somatostatin analogue marketed as Sandostatin, approved in 1988 for the treatment of acromegaly, carcinoid syndrome, and VIPomas. It binds somatostatin receptors (SSTR2, SSTR5) to suppress growth hormone release and gut hormone secretion. As the mechanistic inverse of GH-stimulating peptides, it represents the GH-suppression arm of GH-axis pharmacology.
Read research overview β
Copper Peptides, particularly GHK-Cu (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine bound to copper), are naturally occurring complexes that have been widely studied in preclinical research for their potential role in cellular signaling and tissue-related processes. First identified in human plasma, GHK has a strong affinity for copper ions, forming GHK-Cuβa biologically active complex that has been explored for its involvement in regenerative and protective mechanisms at the cellular level. Unlike fully synthetic peptides, GHK is considered endogenous, though its broader biological functions continue to beβ¦
Read research overview β
Thymosin Alpha-1 (TΞ±1) is a naturally derived peptide that has been widely examined in preclinical research for its potential role in immune system regulation and cellular signaling. Originally isolated from the thymus, this peptide is composed of a short chain of amino acids and is considered endogenous in origin. Scientific interest in Thymosin Alpha-1 has largely centered on how it may interact with immune pathways under controlled laboratory conditions, particularly in relation to host defense mechanisms and cellular communication.
Read research overview β
Teduglutide is an FDA-approved recombinant GLP-2 analogue approved in 2012 for short bowel syndrome with intestinal failure. It promotes intestinal epithelial growth and absorption to reduce dependence on parenteral nutrition. Unlike GLP-1 agonists, teduglutide targets a different receptor to restore small bowel function rather than modulate appetite.
Read research overview β
Sermorelin is a synthetic analogue of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) consisting of the first 29 amino acids of the endogenous 44-amino acid GHRH peptide, representing the biologically active fragment required for growth hormone receptor binding. Preclinical research has studied sermorelin as a tool for investigating the hypothalamic-pituitary GH axis and the consequences of stimulated endogenous growth hormone release in animal model systems.
Read research overview β
CJC-1295 is a synthetic peptide analog that has been investigated in preclinical research for its potential role in modulating growth hormone (GH) signaling and endocrine system activity. Structurally designed to mimic growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH), CJC-1295 has been studied for its ability to interact with GHRH receptors and influence pulsatile GH release under controlled laboratory conditions. Unlike naturally occurring peptides, it is engineered with modifications intended to extend its stability and duration of action in experimental models.
Read research overview β
MK-677, also known as ibutamoren, is an oral non-peptide ghrelin receptor agonist investigated in preclinical and clinical research for its ability to increase growth hormone and IGF-1 levels through ghrelin-receptor activation. Unlike injectable GH secretagogues, MK-677 is active by oral administration with an approximately 24-hour half-life, making it a subject of considerable research interest for understanding the GH/IGF-1 axis.
Read research overview β
Ipamorelin is a synthetic peptide that has been widely investigated in preclinical research for its selective interaction with growth hormone-related signaling pathways. Classified as a growth hormone secretagogue, Ipamorelin is designed to mimic the activity of endogenous ligands that bind to specific receptors involved in endocrine regulation. Structurally, it is a short chain of amino acids engineered to interact with the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R), making it a point of interest in controlled experimental models focused on hormonal modulation.
Read research overview β
Growth Hormone-Releasing Peptides, specifically GHRP-2 and GHRP-6, are synthetic peptide compounds that have been widely investigated in preclinical research for their potential role in stimulating growth hormone release and modulating endocrine signaling pathways. These peptides are composed of short amino acid chains designed to interact with specific receptors involved in hormonal regulation, particularly within the hypothalamic-pituitary axis.
Read research overview β
Cagrilintide is a long-acting synthetic analogue of the pancreatic hormone amylin, engineered for extended duration of action. Preclinical research has studied its effects on satiety signalling, gastric motility, and metabolic regulation. It has also been investigated in preclinical combination studies with semaglutide (CagriSema) to examine additive or synergistic metabolic outcomes.
Read research overview β
Hexarelin is a synthetic hexapeptide growth hormone-releasing peptide (GHRP) that acts as a potent agonist of the ghrelin receptor (GHSR-1a), stimulating growth hormone release from pituitary somatotrophs. Preclinical research has studied hexarelin for its GH-stimulating properties, cardioprotective effects, and interactions with both the ghrelin receptor and CD36, a scavenger receptor also engaged by hexarelin in cardiovascular tissue research.
Read research overview β
IGF-1 LR3 (Long Arginine 3 Insulin-like Growth Factor-1) is a synthetic analogue of IGF-1 engineered with an N-terminal 13-amino acid extension and an arginine substitution at position 3, producing a compound with significantly reduced binding affinity for IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) and consequently extended biological activity compared to native IGF-1. Preclinical research has used IGF-1 LR3 as a tool for investigating IGF-1 receptor biology, anabolic signalling, and cell proliferation in laboratory model systems.
Read research overview β
Survodutide (BI 456906) is a GLP-1 and glucagon dual receptor agonist developed by Boehringer Ingelheim, studied in preclinical models for metabolic regulation and hepatic biology. It has received particular attention in preclinical NASH model research for its effects on hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis markers.
Read research overview β
Petrelintide is Novo Nordisk's next-generation long-acting amylin analogue in Phase 2/3 clinical development. It achieves once-weekly dosing through enhanced receptor affinity and pegylation, positioning it as a successor to cagrilintide. Petrelintide is under investigation both as a monotherapy for obesity and in potential combination with semaglutide.
Read research overview β
AOD-9604 is a synthetic peptide fragment derived from the C-terminal region of human growth hormone (hGH), specifically engineered for use in laboratory research focused on metabolism and fat regulation. Unlike full-length growth hormone, AOD-9604 has been studied in preclinical settings for its potential to influence lipid-related processes without engaging broader growth-promoting pathways. Its structureβa short amino acid sequenceβhas made it a subject of interest in controlled experimental models exploring metabolic signaling.
Read research overview β
HGH Fragment 176-191 is a synthetic peptide comprising residues 176β191 of the human growth hormone C-terminus, engineered to retain the lipolytic properties of full-length HGH without activating IGF-1-mediated growth pathways. It shares structural similarity with AOD-9604 and is investigated primarily in fat metabolism and body composition research contexts.
Read research overview β
Argireline (Acetyl Hexapeptide-8) is a synthetic peptide that has been widely examined in preclinical research for its potential role in modulating neuromuscular signaling and peptide-mediated communication. Structurally, it is a short chain of amino acids designed to mimic specific segments of naturally occurring proteins involved in neurotransmitter release. Unlike endogenous peptides, Argireline is engineered for stability and consistency in controlled experimental settings, making it a common subject in laboratory-based investigations.
Read research overview β
IGF-1 DES is a truncated variant of insulin-like growth factor 1, lacking the first three amino acids (des(1-3)IGF-1). The truncation reduces binding affinity for IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs), theoretically enabling more localised and shorter-duration anabolic signalling compared to full-length IGF-1 or the long-acting IGF-1 LR3 variant.
Read research overview β
5-Amino-1MQ is a small molecule inhibitor of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT), an enzyme that regulates cellular NAD+ metabolism. Preclinical research has studied its effects on NAD+ pathway modulation, adipocyte differentiation, and metabolic regulation in cell-based and animal model systems.
Read research overview β
Semax is a synthetic peptide that has been extensively examined in preclinical research for its potential role in neuroregulation and cognitive-associated signaling pathways. Derived as an analog of a fragment of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), Semax is composed of a short chain of amino acids engineered to enhance stability and functional activity within experimental models. Unlike peptides originating from mitochondrial processes, Semax is synthetically designed and primarily investigated for its interaction with central nervous system mechanisms.
Read research overview β
Selank is a synthetic peptide that has been widely explored in preclinical research for its role in modulating neurochemical signaling and stress-related responses. Originally developed as an analog of the naturally occurring immunomodulatory peptide tuftsin, Selank consists of seven amino acids and has been studied for its stability and activity within experimental systems. Unlike mitochondrial-derived peptides, Selank is engineered and examined primarily for its influence on central nervous system signaling pathways.
Read research overview β
ACE-031 (ACVR2B-Fc) is a recombinant fusion protein comprising the ligand-binding domain of activin receptor type IIB (ACVR2B) fused to an immunoglobulin Fc region. It functions as a 'decoy receptor' that binds myostatin and related TGF-Ξ² superfamily ligands, preventing them from activating native ACVR2B on muscle cells. Clinical development was halted in 2013 following safety signals in Phase 2 trials.
Read research overview β
BPC-157, Thymosin Beta-4 (TΞ²4), and GHK-Cu are endogenously derived peptides that have been independently investigated in preclinical research for their roles in tissue repair, angiogenesis, extracellular matrix remodeling, and inflammation-associated cellular signaling. These peptides differ substantially in molecular structure and biological origin: BPC-157 is a stable gastric-derived pentadecapeptide, Thymosin Beta-4 is a ubiquitously expressed actin-binding peptide, and GHK-Cu is a copper-chelating tripeptide involved in redox- and matrix-related pathways. Despite these differences,β¦
Read research overview β
Thymosin Beta-4 Fragment (TB-500) is a synthetic peptide derived from a naturally occurring protein known as Thymosin Beta-4, which has been widely studied in preclinical research for its potential role in cellular repair and regeneration processes. As a fragment-based analog, TB-500 is designed to mirror specific functional regions of the parent peptide, particularly those associated with cell migration, structural organization, and tissue remodeling. Research into TB-500 is conducted primarily in controlled laboratory and animal-based models, with a focus on understanding its biologicalβ¦
Read research overview β
KPV (Lysine-Proline-Valine) is a short-chain peptide fragment derived from the larger melanocortin peptide Alpha-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (Ξ±-MSH). In preclinical research, KPV has been investigated for its potential involvement in inflammatory signaling and immune-related processes. Due to its compact structureβcomposed of just three amino acidsβit has attracted attention in experimental models exploring peptide-mediated regulatory mechanisms, particularly those associated with localized tissue responses.
Read research overview β
LL-37 is a naturally occurring antimicrobial peptide that has been extensively examined in preclinical research for its potential role in host defense and immune system regulation. Derived from the human cathelicidin precursor protein (hCAP18), LL-37 consists of a short chain of amino acids and is widely studied for its activity within innate immune pathways under controlled experimental conditions. As an endogenous peptide, it is recognized for its broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties, though many aspects of its biological function remain under active scientific investigation.
Read research overview β
B7-33 is a single-chain synthetic peptide derived from the B-chain of the relaxin-2 hormone, engineered to retain anti-fibrotic signalling via the RXFP1 receptor while avoiding the vasodilatory and cardiovascular effects associated with full-length relaxin. Preclinical research has examined its potential in fibrotic disease models affecting cardiac, renal, and pulmonary tissues.
Read research overview β
Bronchogen is a short, synthetic tetrapeptide composed of the amino acid sequence Ala-Glu-Asp-Leu (AEDL) that has been investigated as a tissue-specific bioregulatory peptide associated with bronchial and lung tissues. It belongs to a broader class of organ-derived peptides originally identified through fractionation of animal tissue extracts and subsequently synthesized for experimental research. This class of compounds was developed to address limitations observed in age- and stress-related decline in endogenous regulatory signaling within specific tissues.
Read research overview β
Cardiogen is a short, synthetic tetrapeptide developed for experimental investigation into cardiac tissue regulation. It is derived from naturally occurring peptide fragments identified in myocardial tissue and is structurally composed of the amino acid sequence Ala-Glu-Asp-Arg (AEDR). Cardiogen belongs to a class of compounds commonly described as tissue-specific peptide bioregulators, which have been studied for their capacity to influence gene expression and cellular maintenance processes in organ-specific contexts.
Read research overview β
Cartalax is a short, cartilage-specific peptide bioregulator investigated in experimental research for its role in regulating gene expression and cellular homeostasis in cartilage tissue. Structurally defined as the tripeptide Ala-Glu-Asp (AED), Cartalax was originally identified through peptide fractionation of animal cartilage extracts and is classified within a family of organ-specific cytomedins. These peptides are characterized by their small size and their reported capacity to influence transcriptional activity in cells derived from their tissue of origin.
Read research overview β
Cerebrolysin-derived peptides represent a complex mixture of low-molecular weight peptide fragments originally obtained through enzymatic breakdown of porcine brain proteins. In research settings, these peptides are studied for their potential to mimic or influence neurotrophic activityβprocesses that support neuronal growth, signaling, and structural maintenance. Rather than a single defined peptide, this category encompasses multiple bioactive fragments, each potentially interacting with different pathways within the central nervous system under controlled experimental conditions.
Read research overview β
Dihexa is a small, laboratory-designed peptide developed for scientific investigation into mechanisms underlying synaptic connectivity, learning, and memory formation. It is a fully synthetic compound that does not occur naturally in the human body. Dihexa was derived from a short active fragment of angiotensin IV, a peptide associated with cognitive processes within the brain's local renin-angiotensin system. Structural modifications were introduced to improve metabolic stability, prolong biological activity, and enhance penetration of the blood-brain barrierβlimitations that restrictedβ¦
Read research overview β
Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide (DSIP) is a naturally occurring peptide that has been investigated in preclinical research for its potential involvement in sleep-related regulation and neuroendocrine signaling. Initially identified in association with sleep physiology, DSIP consists of a short chain of amino acids and has been studied primarily for its interactions within central nervous system pathways under controlled experimental conditions. Unlike many fully synthetic peptides, DSIP is considered endogenous in origin, though much of its function remains under active scientific exploration.
Read research overview β
Epitalon (Epithalon) is a synthetic peptide that has been widely explored in preclinical research for its potential role in cellular aging and biological regulation. Derived from a naturally occurring peptide known as epithalaminβassociated with the pineal glandβEpitalon consists of a short chain of amino acids and has been studied for its possible influence on molecular processes linked to longevity and cellular stability. Unlike many peptides designed purely in laboratories, Epitalon is modeled after endogenous compounds, though its full biological significance remains under activeβ¦
Read research overview β
Follistatin 344 is a biologically derived peptide variant that has been widely examined in preclinical research for its role in regulating protein interactions involved in tissue development and cellular growth. It is a naturally occurring isoform of follistatin, a glycoprotein known for its binding affinity to members of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-Ξ²) superfamily, particularly myostatin and activins. Unlike fully synthetic compounds, Follistatin 344 originates from endogenous biological processes, though its broader functional implications continue to be explored inβ¦
Read research overview β
FOXO4-DRI is a synthetically engineered peptide developed for use in preclinical research focused on cellular aging and senescence. Unlike naturally occurring peptides, FOXO4-DRI is designed to interfere with specific protein-protein interactionsβparticularly those involving the transcription factor FOXO4 and the tumor suppressor protein p53. These interactions are believed to play a role in the survival of senescent cells, which accumulate over time and are commonly studied in relation to aging processes in controlled laboratory environments.
Read research overview β
Growth Differentiation Factor 11 (GDF-11) is a protein belonging to the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-Ξ²) superfamily that has been investigated in preclinical research for its potential role in cellular signaling and tissue-related processes. Naturally expressed in various organisms, GDF-11 is considered endogenous and is structurally characterized as a regulatory growth factor involved in developmental and biological patterning. While early research focused on its role during embryonic development, more recent studies have explored its activity in adult biological systems underβ¦
Read research overview β
Humanin is a mitochondria-encoded peptide that has been investigated extensively in preclinical research as a regulator of cellular stress responses. First identified in experimental screens for factors that attenuate neuronal cell death, Humanin is now recognized as a member of the broader class of mitochondrial-derived peptides involved in intracellular and intercellular signaling. The peptide is composed of 24 amino acids and is encoded within the mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA gene, distinguishing it from nuclear-encoded signaling peptides.
Read research overview β
Matrixyl, commonly known as Palmitoyl Pentapeptide, is a synthetically derived peptide that has been widely investigated in preclinical research for its potential role in extracellular matrix signaling and structural protein dynamics. Composed of a short chain of amino acids linked to a fatty acid (palmitic acid), Matrixyl is designed to enhance stability and facilitate interaction within cellular environments. Unlike endogenous peptides, it is engineered to mimic naturally occurring signaling fragments involved in tissue remodeling processes, making it a subject of interest inβ¦
Read research overview β
Mitochondrial Open Reading Frame of the 12S rRNA-c (MOTS-c) is a mitochondrial-derived peptide that has been investigated in preclinical research for its potential role in cellular metabolism and energy regulation. Unlike many peptides encoded in the nuclear genome, MOTS-c originates from mitochondrial DNA, making it a unique subject of study in the context of intracellular signaling and metabolic adaptation. It consists of a short chain of amino acids and has been primarily examined in laboratory and animal-based models under controlled experimental conditions.
Read research overview β
Non-canonical amino acid peptides represent a class of engineered or naturally inspired molecules that incorporate amino acids beyond the standard twenty found in conventional protein structures. In research settings, these modified peptides are explored for how structural variationsβsuch as altered side chains, backbone modifications, or synthetic residuesβmay influence molecular stability, binding behavior, and resistance to enzymatic degradation. Unlike strictly endogenous peptides, many of these constructs are deliberately designed to expand the functional possibilities ofβ¦
Read research overview β
Noopept is a synthetic compound often described as a peptide-like nootropic, meaning its structure and activity share certain characteristics with small regulatory peptides studied in neuroscience. Although not classified as a true peptide, it has been widely examined in preclinical research for its potential interactions with cognitive and neuroprotective pathways. Much of the scientific interest in Noopept stems from its compact molecular structure and its proposed ability to influence signaling processes within the central nervous system under controlled laboratory conditions.
Read research overview β
PEG-MGF (Pegylated Mechano Growth Factor) is a modified variant of mechano growth factor, a peptide derived from the Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 system that has been investigated in preclinical research for its potential role in muscle repair and cellular adaptation. MGF itself is produced locally in response to mechanical stress or tissue strain, particularly in muscle fibers. The pegylated form (PEG-MGF) is engineered to extend stability and persistence in experimental settings, allowing researchers to more effectively observe its biological activity.
Read research overview β
Peptide Drug Conjugates (PDCs) are engineered constructs that combine biologically active peptides with therapeutic payloads, designed to investigate targeted delivery and controlled activity in preclinical research settings. Unlike standalone peptides, PDCs integrate a peptide componentβoften selected for its binding affinity or receptor specificityβwith a conjugated molecule such as a small drug compound, imaging agent, or other functional cargo. This modular structure has positioned PDCs as a growing area of interest in experimental pharmacology and molecular targeting strategies.
Read research overview β
Peptide vaccines such as E75, GP2, and AE37 have been widely examined in preclinical and early-stage research for their potential role in stimulating targeted immune responses, particularly in oncology-focused experimental models. These peptides are derived from fragments of tumor-associated antigensβmost notably the HER2/neu proteinβand are designed to help the immune system recognize and respond to specific cellular markers under controlled laboratory conditions. Unlike endogenous peptides, these compounds are synthetically engineered to enhance immunogenicity and direct immune activityβ¦
Read research overview β
Pinealon is an ultrashort regulatory peptide composed of three amino acidsβglutamic acid, aspartic acid, and arginine (Glu-Asp-Arg)βthat has been investigated in preclinical research examining cellular stress regulation in neural systems. It has been studied primarily in in vitro and animal models relevant to oxidative stress, hypoxia, and age-associated neuronal changes, where cellular vulnerability and stress-response signaling are key areas of investigation.
Read research overview β
Self-assembling peptides are short chains of amino acids designed or observed to spontaneously organize into structured arrangements under specific environmental conditions. In preclinical research, these peptides have drawn attention for their ability to form well-defined nanostructuresβsuch as fibers, sheets, or hydrogelsβthrough non-covalent interactions like hydrogen bonding, electrostatic forces, and hydrophobic effects. This self-organization process has positioned them as a valuable model for studying biomolecular assembly and material formation at the nanoscale.
Read research overview β
Snap-8, also known as Acetyl Octapeptide-3, is a synthetic peptide that has been explored in preclinical research for its potential role in modulating neurotransmitter release and neuromuscular signaling. Structurally derived as an analog of SNAP-25βa protein involved in synaptic vesicle fusionβSnap-8 consists of a short amino acid sequence engineered to mimic specific regulatory functions within cellular communication pathways. Unlike endogenous peptides, Snap-8 is fully synthetic and designed for targeted investigation under controlled laboratory conditions.
Read research overview β
Testagen is a short synthetic peptide belonging to the class of tissue-specific peptide bioregulators originally described in Russian and Eastern European gerontology research. It is composed of a defined amino acid sequence designed to mirror naturally occurring regulatory peptides isolated from mammalian endocrine tissues, particularly the testes. Testagen does not function as a hormone and is not known to directly activate classical endocrine receptors. Instead, it has been investigated as a gene-regulatory signaling peptide capable of influencing transcriptional activity withinβ¦
Read research overview β
Thymulin is a naturally occurring peptide produced by the thymus gland and has been widely studied in preclinical research for its role in immune system signaling and regulation. Structurally, it is a nonapeptide that becomes biologically active when associated with zinc, forming a complex that has been observed to participate in immune cell differentiation and function. Because of its endogenous origin, Thymulin is often explored as part of broader investigations into thymic activity and immune system development under controlled experimental conditions.
Read research overview β
Vilon is a short regulatory peptide that has been studied in preclinical research programs examining thymus-associated peptides and their role in immune-related cellular regulation. It has been evaluated primarily in experimental models of immune aging and immune system dysregulation, where alterations in gene expression and signaling balance are commonly observed. Vilon belongs to a group of low-molecular-weight peptides investigated for their ability to influence intracellular regulatory processes rather than acting through membrane-bound receptors or classical hormonal pathways.
Read research overview β
Mazdutide (IBI362) is a GLP-1 and glucagon dual receptor agonist developed by Innovent Biologics, studied in preclinical models for its effects on metabolic signalling, lipid metabolism, and hepatic fat accumulation. Its dual receptor profile has been examined as a tool for understanding coordinated incretin and glucagon pathway interactions.
Read research overview β
Adipotide (FTPP) is a chimeric peptide designed to selectively target the vasculature supplying white adipose tissue through binding to PROHIBITIN expressed on adipose endothelium. Preclinical research has studied its pro-apoptotic effects on adipose vasculature in animal models, making it a research tool for studying adipose tissue vascular biology.
Read research overview β
SLU-PP-332 is a synthetic small molecule agonist of the estrogen-related receptors ERRΞ± and ERRΞ³, orphan nuclear receptors that regulate mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative metabolism. Preclinical research has studied its exercise-mimetic effects, including mitochondrial biogenesis, skeletal muscle oxidative capacity, and endurance-related metabolic pathway activation in animal models.
Read research overview β
SS-31 (also known as Elamipretide, MTP-131, or Bendavia) is a synthetic tetrapeptide that localises to the inner mitochondrial membrane by binding cardiolipin, a phospholipid integral to mitochondrial function. Preclinical research has studied SS-31 extensively as a tool for investigating mitochondrial biology, oxidative stress, and cellular energy metabolism in a wide range of disease model systems.
Read research overview β
BAM-15 is a synthetic mitochondrial protonophore and uncoupling agent studied in preclinical models for its ability to dissipate the mitochondrial proton gradient, thereby increasing metabolic rate and energy expenditure without stimulating the central nervous system. Preclinical research has examined its effects on adipose tissue, hepatic lipid metabolism, and whole-body energy balance in animal model systems.
Read research overview β
ARA-290 is a synthetic peptide derived from the helix B region of erythropoietin (EPO), designed to selectively activate the innate repair receptor (IRR) while avoiding the haematopoietic receptor that mediates EPO's red blood cell effects. Preclinical research has studied ARA-290 for its neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and metabolic properties in animal models of neuropathy, diabetes, and inflammatory disease.
Read research overview β
PE-22-28 is a synthetic peptide fragment derived from spadin, itself a cleavage product of the NTSR3/sortilin protein, studied in preclinical models for its effects on neuroplasticity and neural circuit biology through activation of TRPC6 calcium channels. Preclinical research has examined its antidepressant-like effects, synaptic plasticity modulation, and neurogenesis-related outcomes in animal models.
Read research overview β
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is an essential coenzyme present in all living cells, functioning as a critical electron carrier in cellular energy metabolism and as a substrate for a broad class of enzymes including sirtuins, PARPs, and CD38. Preclinical research has studied NAD+ biology extensively in the context of ageing, metabolic regulation, mitochondrial function, and DNA repair in cell culture and animal model systems.
Read research overview β
Glutathione (Ξ³-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine, GSH) is the most abundant intracellular thiol antioxidant, synthesised in virtually all mammalian cells and functioning as a central mediator of cellular redox homeostasis, xenobiotic detoxification, and immune regulation. Preclinical research has studied glutathione biology extensively across oxidative stress, liver biology, immune function, and ageing research model systems.
Read research overview β
Melanotan-I (afamelanotide) and Melanotan-II are synthetic analogues of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (Ξ±-MSH), studied in preclinical models as melanocortin receptor agonists. Preclinical research has characterised their effects on melanogenesis, pigmentation biology, and melanocortin receptor pharmacology across in vitro and animal model systems.
Read research overview β
PT-141 (bremelanotide) is a cyclic heptapeptide melanocortin receptor agonist derived from Melanotan-II, studied in preclinical models for its central nervous system melanocortin receptor engagement and effects on sexual function biology. Preclinical research has characterised its melanocortin receptor pharmacology, central distribution, and behavioural effects in relevant animal model systems.
Read research overview β
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is a glycoprotein hormone structurally related to luteinising hormone (LH), sharing the same alpha subunit and differing in its beta subunit. Preclinical research has studied hCG for its luteinising hormone receptor (LHR) agonist properties, effects on gonadal steroidogenesis, and reproductive biology in cell culture and animal model systems.
Read research overview β
Human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) is a purified preparation containing both follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH) activity, used as a research tool for studying gonadotropin receptor biology, folliculogenesis, and reproductive endocrinology in preclinical model systems.
Read research overview β
Kisspeptin is a neuropeptide encoded by the KISS1 gene that acts as a potent activator of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis through its receptor KISS1R (GPR54). Preclinical research has established kisspeptin as a master regulator of GnRH neuron activation and the central trigger for pubertal onset, reproductive cyclicity, and feedback regulation of gonadotropin secretion in laboratory model systems.
Read research overview β
Oxytocin is a nine-amino acid neuropeptide synthesised in the hypothalamic paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei and released both peripherally from the posterior pituitary and centrally from hypothalamic projections. Preclinical research has studied oxytocin extensively across reproductive biology, social behaviour neuroscience, metabolic regulation, and anxiety/stress biology in diverse animal model systems.
Read research overview β
Khavinson peptide bioregulators are a class of short (2β4 amino acid) synthetic peptides developed by Russian researcher Vladimir Khavinson and colleagues, designed to interact with gene promoter regions and modulate the expression of tissue-specific proteins. Preclinical research has studied these peptides for their putative cytoprotective, gene-regulatory, and organ-specific biological effects in cell culture and animal model systems.
Read research overview β
Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a 28-amino acid neuropeptide widely expressed in the nervous system, immune cells, and peripheral tissues where it functions as a potent vasodilator, immunomodulator, and circadian rhythm regulator. Preclinical research has studied VIP biology across respiratory physiology, immune regulation, neuroprotection, and circadian biology in diverse animal model systems.
Read research overview β
PNC-27 is a synthetic peptide comprising a sequence corresponding to the MDM-2-binding domain of the p53 tumour suppressor protein fused to an HDM-2-binding transmembrane penetratin sequence. Preclinical research has studied PNC-27 as a research tool for investigating p53-MDM2 interactions and membrane-active mechanisms in cancer cell biology in laboratory model systems.
Read research overview β
Abaloparatide and teriparatide are synthetic PTH-related peptides that act as agonists at the parathyroid hormone 1 receptor (PTH1R), studied in preclinical models for their bone anabolic and remodelling effects. Preclinical research has characterised their differential receptor engagement profiles and compared their effects on osteoblast activity, bone formation markers, and skeletal microarchitecture in relevant animal model systems.
Read research overview β
Glow Blend is a multi-peptide research compound formulated for cosmetic and skin biology research applications, combining peptides studied for their effects on collagen synthesis, skin cell biology, melanogenesis, and dermal extracellular matrix regulation. Preclinical research relevant to its component peptides has examined effects on fibroblast biology, collagen production, and skin tissue models.
Read research overview β
KLOW Blend is a multi-component research formulation studied in laboratory settings for its regenerative and vitality-supporting properties. Preclinical research relevant to its component peptides spans tissue repair biology, cellular recovery mechanisms, and regenerative signalling pathway research in relevant animal model systems.
Read research overview β
Adamax is a nootropic research compound studied for its effects on cognitive biology, neurotrophic signalling, and neurological function in preclinical model systems. Preclinical research relevant to its component peptides encompasses neurotrophic factor biology, synaptic plasticity research, and cognitive neuroscience in cell culture and animal model systems.
Read research overview β
AHK-Cu (alanine-histidine-lysine copper complex) is a synthetic copper-binding tripeptide structurally related to GHK-Cu but with distinct amino acid composition and biological focus. Research has examined its potential effects on dermal papilla cell activation and follicular biology, positioning it primarily as a cosmetic research compound targeting scalp and skin applications.
Read research overview β
DNSP-11 (pro-PRO-D peptide) is an 11-amino-acid peptide derived from the prohormone region of preprodopamine, investigated in preclinical models for neuroprotective effects on dopaminergic neurons. Research has been conducted primarily in animal models relevant to Parkinson's disease pathology.
Read research overview β
FGL is a synthetic peptide modelled on the FG-loop region of neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), designed to activate FGFR1 (fibroblast growth factor receptor 1) to support synaptogenesis and memory consolidation in preclinical research models. It is classified as a nootropic compound with an exclusively preclinical evidence base.
Read research overview β
P-21 is a synthetic peptide mimetic of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), designed to activate CNTF-associated neurogenic signalling cascades. Preclinical research has examined its potential to stimulate neurogenesis in animal models. It is in very early preclinical stages with no human data.
Read research overview β
Setmelanotide is an FDA-approved selective MC4R (melanocortin-4 receptor) agonist marketed as Imcivree, approved in 2020 for treatment of obesity caused by POMC, PCSK1, or LEPR gene deficiency, with a 2022 expansion to Bardet-Biedl syndrome. It restores hypothalamic appetite regulation in patients with genetic disruption of the leptin/melanocortin pathway.
Read research overview β
Pramlintide is an FDA-approved synthetic analogue of amylin β a pancreatic beta-cell hormone co-secreted with insulin at mealtimes. Approved in 2005 as Symlin, it reduces postprandial glucose excursions and promotes satiety as an adjunct to mealtime insulin in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. It is the clinical predecessor to the long-acting amylin analogues (cagrilintide, petrelintide) under investigation for obesity.
Read research overview β
Pemvidutide is a dual GLP-1 and glucagon receptor agonist developed by Altimmune, currently in Phase 2 clinical trials for obesity and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH/NASH). It is distinguished from other dual agonists by its particular emphasis on hepatic lipid reduction alongside weight loss, with Phase 2 data showing meaningful liver-fat reduction.
Read research overview β
Amycretin is Novo Nordisk's single-molecule GLP-1 and amylin co-agonist in Phase 1/2 clinical development, available in both subcutaneous and oral formulations. It represents the integration of semaglutide's GLP-1 agonism and cagrilintide's amylin agonism into a single molecular entity, potentially simplifying the dual-therapy combination approach.
Read research overview β
Thymalin is a polypeptide complex extracted from calf thymus gland, distinct from Thymosin Alpha-1 and thymulin. Used in Russian and Eastern European clinical practice for immune restoration in elderly patients and post-illness recovery, it represents a thymic bioregulator rather than a single defined peptide.
Read research overview β
MGF (Mechano Growth Factor) is a splice variant of IGF-1 produced locally by muscle tissue in response to mechanical loading or damage. Unlike systemic IGF-1, MGF acts as a localised signal that activates satellite cells β the muscle stem cells responsible for repair and hypertrophy β making it a subject of intense research interest in muscle biology and post-injury recovery contexts.
Read research overview β
Testosterone is the principal endogenous androgenic steroid hormone in mammals and the reference compound against which all anabolic-androgenic steroids are characterised. Decades of clinical and preclinical research span hypogonadism therapy, body composition, bone density, cardiovascular outcomes, and HPG axis pharmacology. Available in multiple ester preparations with widely differing half-lives, testosterone remains the most extensively studied androgen in published literature.
Read research overview β
Oxandrolone is a synthetic anabolic-androgenic steroid derived from dihydrotestosterone, studied extensively in clinical and preclinical settings for its effects on lean tissue preservation, bone density, wound healing, and metabolic parameters. It has one of the longest research histories of any anabolic compound, with a comparatively mild androgenic profile relative to other AAS.
Read research overview β